Department of Chemistry, Ram Lubhai Sahani Govt. Girls Degree College, Pilibhit, UP
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Comprehensive Evaluation of Water Hardness and Contamination in Indian Hydro-Geological Systems: Analytical Quantification and Sustainable Remediation Strategies
International Journal of Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Biology International Open Access, Peer-reviewed, Refereed Journal
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10.65919/ijpcmb.2026.v2i1001
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Abstract
Water hardness—driven primarily by dissolved divalent metal cations (Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺)—presents significant technical, environmental, and socio-economic challenges across rural and urban India. This paper synthesizes empirical data from regional field assessments (e.g., Nagaur, Rajasthan), national infrastructure reports from the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO Report No. 584), and water quality monitoring programs under the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). It evaluates analytical detection mechanisms via Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) complex metric titration and investigates chemical, physical, and eco-friendly remediation techniques. Experimental evaluations reveal that traditional boiling reduces temporary hardness caused by HCO₃⁻, whereas chemical precipitation using washing soda (Na₂CO₃) achieves up to an 80% total hardness removal efficiency. Additionally, recent advances in eco-friendly water treatment highlight natural bio-coagulants (e.g., Vigna mungo, Moringa oleifera, and Plantago ovata) capable of achieving over 90–98% turbidity reduction and significant alkalinity suppression. Integrating eco-friendly bio-coagulants with advanced membrane separation (Reverse Osmosis) and chemical softening provides a viable roadmap for decentralizing water treatment across vulnerable regions.
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Received
15 December 2025
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05 February 2026
Published
31 March 2026
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How to Cite
Dr. Sachin Gihar (2026). Comprehensive Evaluation of Water Hardness and Contamination in Indian Hydro-Geological Systems: Analytical Quantification and Sustainable Remediation Strategies. International Journal of Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Biology, 2(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.65919/ijpcmb.2026.v2i1001
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References
Showing first 3 references. Click “Show All References” to view complete list.
- 1. Singh, K., & Kishor, B. (2026). Removal of Turbidity and Alkalinity from Wastewater by using Various Natural Coagulants-A Review. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 15(4), 1–4.
- 2. Soni, R., Sharma, A., Prajapat, K., & Rinku. (2025). Determination and Removal of Hardness of Water Sample at Nagaur, Rajasthan, India. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 13(4), 3443–3447.
- 3. National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). (2019). Report No. 584: Drinking Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Housing Condition in India (NSS 76th Round). Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India.
- 4. Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). (2024/2025). Annual Groundwater Quality Assessment Report. Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India.
- 5. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). (2012). Indian Standard Drinking Water — Specification (IS 10500:2012).
- 6. Bureau of Indian Standards. (2012). Drinking water—Specification (Second Revision) (IS 10500:2012). https://www.bis.gov.in/other/DrinWatIS10500.pdf
- 7. Central Ground Water Board. (2024). Annual ground water quality report, 2024. Ministry of Jal Shakti, Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Government of India.
- 8. National Statistical Office. (2019). Drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing condition in India: NSS 76th round (July–December 2018) (NSS Report No. 584). Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India.
- 9. Singh, K., & Kishor, B. (2026). Removal of turbidity and alkalinity from wastewater by using various natural coagulants: A review. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 15(4), 1–4.
- 10. Soni, R., Sharma, A., Prajapat, K., & Rinku. (2025). Determination and removal of hardness of water sample at Nagaur, Rajasthan, India. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology, 13(4), 3443–3447. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2025.69000
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